Early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the population allows interventions with better prognosis and lower cost of treatment. Studies indicate that there is a higher prevalence of ASD in siblings of diagnosed individuals, considered as risk groups. Gioia and Guilhardi (2018) developed as assessment protocol for the early signs in children with easy application by parents and/or caregivers. This study aimed to evaluate whether the tasks of this protocol applied in the period from 2013 to 2019 in children aged 13 to 22 months produced differentiating results between the high (HR) and low autistic risk (LR) groups and also verify the correspondence between the assessment obtained in the protocol by the HR participants with the results obtained in the Childhood Autism Rating Scale – CARS. The results showed that six of the thirteen tasks of the Protocol allowed the differentiation between the HR and LR groups, demonstrating that the instrument can be effective in the early identification of children who may later be diagnosed with ASD.

O diagnóstico precoce do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) na população permite intervenções com melhor prognóstico e menor custo de tratamento. Estudos indicam que há uma maior prevalência de TEA em irmãos de indivíduos diagnosticados, considerados assim como grupo de risco. Gioia e Guilhardi (2018) desenvolveram um protocolo para avaliação de sinais precoces em crianças de risco com fácil aplicação por pais e/ou cuidadores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos, avaliar se as tarefas deste protocolo aplicadas no período de 2013 a 2019 em crianças de 13 a 22 meses produziram resultados diferenciadores entre o grupo de alto (AR) e baixo risco autístico (BR) e verificar a correspondência entre a avaliação obtida no protocolo pelos participantes AR com a avaliação obtida na escala Childhood Autism Rating Scale – CARS. Como resultado, foi constatado que seis das treze tarefas do protocolo permitiram diferenciar entre os grupos AR e BR, demonstrando que o instrumento pode ser efetivo na identificação precoce de crianças que posteriormente poderão vir a receber diagnóstico de TEA.

RESUMEN Introducción: la carga debida al cáncer es alta, y además de su impacto en la salud de las personas tiene efectos económicos. Objetivo: identificar los costos asociados al cáncer como resultado de la exposición ocupacional. Métodos: se realizó una scoping review. Para esta se hizo una búsqueda sistemática de acuerdo con la pregunta PECO en las siguientes bases de datos indexadas: Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Science Direct, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO), BVS y PubMed. Como criterios de elegibilidad de los escritos estaba que se tratara sobre cáncer de origen ocupacional y que mencionara los costos; se seleccionaron 19 artículos. Resultados: entre los estudios se identificaron los países donde se han hecho investigaciones al respecto, el tipo de estudio, los tipos de cáncer, sus costos y métodos de estimación. En cuanto a los costos, se encontraron principalmente trabajos centrados en los costos directos, es decir, los que representan la atención en salud, dejando de lado el análisis de los que son indirectos, es decir los que están relacionados con la pérdida de la productividad. Conclusión: se concluye que se requiere de un abordaje interdisciplinario para el análisis de los costos, con el fin de mejorar la comprensión de estos y particularmente la de los indirectos.

SUMMARY Background: The burden of disease due to cancer is high and has an impact on people’s health and economic cost. Objective: Identify the costs associated with occupational cancer. For this purpose, a scoping review was carried out. Methods: First, a systematic search was performed according to the PECO question, we used the following indexed databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Science Direct, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO), BVS and PubMed. The eligibility criteria were that the study focus in any type of occupational cancer and mention the cost related. After the selection and screening process, 19 articles were included. Results: The studies identified the countries where research has been carried out, the type of study, the types of cancer, the methods of cost estimations and types of cost. In relation with the costs, we mainly found articles focused on direct costs, that is, what health care represents; but there are few studies that included analysis of indirect costs that are related to lost productivity. Conclusion: It is concluded that an interdisciplinary approach to cost analysis is required to improve understanding of costs, particularly indirect costs.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de burnout es una condición de prevalência creciente que afecta la calidad de vida y los resultados laborales de quienes lo padecen. OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia y factores asociados del síndrome de burnout en neurólogos colombianos. METODOLOGÍA: Mediante encuesta autoadministrada se obtuvo información de 119 neurólogos laboralmente activos en Colombia. Se incluyeron datos correspondientes a variables sociodemográficas junto con la escala Maslasch Burnout Inventory. Para calcular la correlación estadística de variables se utilizó regresión logística. RESULTADOS: El síndrome de burnout se determinó en el 49,6 % de los entrevistados (afectación de 2 o más dimensiones). Esta condición se correlacionó con el sexo femenino (P=0,036), el número de horas trabajadas por semana (P=0,040) y la frecuencia de satisfacción con el trabajo (P<0,001). La práctica de actividades de esparcimiento fue estadísticamente significativa (P=0,024) como factor protector. CONCLUSIÓN: El síndrome de burnout es una condición prevalente en los neurólogos en Colombia. Esta información es útil para la creación de políticas encaminadas a mejorar las condiciones del ejercicio de esta especialidad en nuestro país.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Burnout syndrome is a condition of increasing prevalence that affects quality of life and labor outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and factors related to burnout syndrome in Colombian neurologists. METHODOLOGY: By mean of a self-administered survey we obtained information from 119 neurologists currently working in Colombia. Sociodemographic and Maslasch Burnout Inventory data were collected. To calculate statistical correlation of variables related to the syndrome a logistic regression model was used. RESULTS: Burnout syndrome was determined in 49.6% of interviewed neurologists (2 or more affected dimensions).This condition was related to female gender (P=0.036), number of hours worked weekly (P=0.040) and level of work satisfaction (P<0.001). Having a hobby was determined as protector for burnout (P=0.024). CONCLUSION: Burnout syndrome is a prevalent condition in Colombian neurologists. This information should be considered for designing policies directed to better labor conditions for this specialty in our country.

El cáncer en la zona de transición representa el 20-25% de los casos (en piezas de prostatectomías radicales), su diagnóstico con frecuencia es de manera incidental, siendo identificados clínicamente como supuestos adenomas. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de Adenocarcinoma en la Zona transicional de Próstata e identificar etapas precancerosas en pacientes con clínica de HPB. Métodos: estudio longitudinal de tipo retrospectivo desde el 2013-2018 en la ciudad de Cochabamba-Bolivia; población de estudio: pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía simple, retropúbica y/o transvesical. Recolección de datos: a partir de historias clínicas, en pacientes con clínica de hiperplasia benigna de próstata y PSA total < 4 ng/ml. Resultados: se identificó 76 pacientes, de los cuales; 5 pacientes resultaron con Adenocarcinoma y 9 pacientes con: Neoplasia Intraepitelial Prostática de Alto Grado 2,6 %, Proliferación acinar pequeña atípica 7,9%, representando así un 10,5%. En cuanto a la invasión representaron un 5,3% con invasión perineal, 2,6% invasión linfovascular y ninguno con invasión extravascular. Discusión: pacientes con cáncer de próstata zona transicional, presentan un Antígeno prostático específico alto susceptibles a Adenocarcinoma. Sin embargo, en esta investigación se encontró Adenocarcinoma de próstata de alto riesgo con Antígeno prostático específico total menor a 4 ng/ml. A pesar de los instrumentos clínicos e indicaciones para la decisión de terapia quirúrgica de una supuesta hiperplasia prostática benigna, existe en el estudio una incidencia del 6,5% de Adenocarcinoma en Zona Transicional, con un 10,5 % de incidencia de presentación de formas precancerosas y el 17,1% de los pacientes del estudio se encuentran en riesgo de letalidad de la enfermedad.

Cancer in the transition zone represents 20-25% of cases, its diagnosis is often incidental, being identified clinically as suspected adenomas. Objective: To determine the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the transitional Prostate Zone and identify the degree of adenocarcinoma and precancerous stages thereof. Methods: Longitudinal retrospective study from 2013-2018 in the city of Cochabamba-Bolivia; Study population: patients undergoing simple, retropubic and / or transvesical prostatectomy. Data collection: from medical records, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and who have no atypia and neoplasms. Results: 76 patients were identified, of which; 5 patients resulted with adenocarcinoma and 9 patients among: High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2.6%, small atypical acinar proliferation 7.9%, thus representing 10.5%. As for the invasion, they represented 5.3% with perineal invasion, 2.6% lymphovascular invasion and none with extravascular invasion. Discussion: Patients with transitional prostate cancer have a high specific prostate antigen susceptible to adenocarcinoma. However, this investigation found high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma with total prostate antigen total less than 4 ng / ml. Despite the clinical instruments and indications for the decision of surgical therapy of an alleged benign prostatic hyperplasia, there is a 6.5% incidence of adenocarcinoma in the Transitional Area, with a 10.5% incidence of presentation of forms of Proliferation of Atypical Small Acini and 17.1% of the patients in the study are at risk of lethality of the disease.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo y la asociación entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa (EPID) en pacientes con esclerosis sistémica. Métodos: Estudio transversal, correlacional, con muestra no probabilística constituida por pacientes consecutivos con esclerosis sistémica que acudieron al Servicio de Reumatología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas durante el período abril-septiembre de 2018. Se realizó evaluación clínica, paraclínica, mediciones antropométricas, pruebas de función pulmonar y tomografía de tórax de alta resolución. Resultados: De 48 pacientes, el 95,8% fueron del sexo femenino, con mayor prevalencia de esclerosis sistémica limitada (64,6%). Un peso bajo (IMC < 18,5 kg/m2) fue un factor de riesgo de EPID (OR 4,60; IC 95% 1,12-18,86). El IMC se relacionó de forma directamente proporcional con la capacidad vital forzada sin alcanzar significación estadística (CC 0,23; p = 0,1180), sin embargo, otros predictores de EPID fueron: la esclerosis sistémica difusa (OR 6,91; IC 95% 1,78-26,85), el índice modificado de Rodnan (mRSS) (OR 1,25; IC 95% 1,04-1,30) y el patrón moteado de anticuerpos antinucleares (OR 5,62; IC 95% 1,33-23,62). El análisis multi-variado demostró asociación independiente con EPID de: mRSS (OR 1,34; IC 95% 1,04-1,72) y el patrón moteado de anticuerpos antinucleares (OR 25,99; IC 95% 1,02-16,02). El estudio del IMC durante 10 arios (2008-2018) reveló una pérdida de 14,3% (p = 0,0021), que fue mayor en comparación con pacientes con artritis reumatoide (p = 0,0000), lupus eritematoso sistémico (p = 0,0025) e individuos sanos (p = 0,0331). Conclusión: El IMC y la EPID se correlacionan de forma inversamente proporcional. La edad, un bajo peso corporal, un puntaje alto en mRSS y el patrón moteado de anticuerpos antinucleares fueron factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de EPID en pacientes con esclerosis sistémica. El mRSS podría ser utilizado como herramienta clínica predictiva de EPID en esclerosis sistémica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the risk factors and the potential relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the development of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic sclerosis. Methods: A cross-sectional, correlational, study with a non-probabilistic sample was conducted on consecutive patients with scleroderma seen in the Rheumatology Division at Hospital Universitario de Caracas during the period April to September 2018. Patients underwent clinical and laboratory assessments, anthropometric measurements, pulmonary function tests, and high-resolution computed axial tomography scan of the chest. Results: Of 48 patients, 95.8% were female, with a high prevalence of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) (64.6%). Underweight (BMI<18.5kg/m2) was a risk factor for the development of ILD (OR 4.60; 95% CI 1.12-18.86). There was directly proportional relationship between BMI and forced vital capacity, with no statistical significance (CC 0.23; p = 0.1180). However, other predictors of ILD included diffuse systemic sclerosis (OR 6.91,95% CI; 1.78-26.85), modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) (OR 1.25; 95% CI; 1.04-1.30), and a speckled pattern of antinuclear antibody (OR 5.62; 95% CI; 1.33-23.62). Multivariate analysis showed that mRSS (OR 1.34; 95% CI; 1.04-1.72) and the presence of a speckled antinuclear antibody (OR 25.99; 95% CI; 1.02-16.02) were independent predictors of ILD. The percentage of BMI lost in a period of time of 2008-2018 was 14.3% (p = 0.0021), which was higher than rheumatoid arthritis (p = 0.0000), systemic lupus erythematosus (p = 0.0025), and healthy patients (p = 0.0331). Conclusion: BMI and ILD are inversely correlated. Age, underweight, higher mRSS, and speckled pattern of antinuclear antibody were risk factors for development of ILD in patients with systemic sclerosis. The mRSS could be used as a clinical predictive tool for ILD in systemic sclerosis.

Resumen Introducción: la extracción de los polifenoles ha tomado un interés debido a la relación que tiene con la prevención del estrés oxidativo y efectos benéficos sobre la salud en la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles; estos están comúnmente en algunas frutas por lo que su extracción se ha convertido en una tendencia para obtener productos de alto valor agregado. El ultrasonido es una técnica que puede disminuir el tiempo de extracción de estos biocomponentes. Objetivo: evaluar las condiciones de la extracción asistida por ultrasonido de polifenoles con actividad antioxidantes en cáscara de pitahaya amarilla deshidratada. Materiales y métodos: Se deshidrataron las cáscaras y construyó cinéticas de secado a 60°C, con el fin de disminuir las reacciones de deterioro. Para la extracción, una solución de etanol al 96% (V/V) fue usada como disolvente, en una relación cáscara-disolvente 1:1. El proceso fue realizado a 25 °C en un sistema de ultrasonido indirecto con una frecuencia de 37 kHz. Se usó un diseño central compuesto, fueron evaluados el efecto de la potencia (40 - 80%) y tiempo de sonicación (11,90 - 33,10 minutos). Se hizo extracción con el método soxhlet (control). Los polifenoles totales y capacidad antioxidantes fue determinado por lo métodos Folin-Ciocalteau y ABTS respectivamente. Resultados: Bajos tiempos y altas potencias de sonicación fueron asociados con incremento en la extracción de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante. En particular, la extracción asistida con ultrasonido con 60% de potencia y 11 minutos, se obtuvo un 77% más de polifenoles que 24 horas de proceso con método Soxhlet. Conclusión: El ultrasonido tiene potencial en comparación con la técnica tradicional para reducir el tiempo de procesamiento en extracción de biocomponentes, en este caso aprovechar la cáscara de pitahaya amarilla que es considerada como un residuo, se encontraron concentraciones de polifenoles de 973,10 mg/L que pueden ser extraídos por ultrasonido a 222 W de potencia nominal (60%), 35kHz de frecuencia y 22 minutos y con una capacidad antioxidante superior al 90%.

Abstract Introduction: the extraction of polyphenols has taken an interest due to the relationship it has with the prevention of oxidative stress and beneficial effects on health in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. These are commonly found in some fruits, so their extraction has become a trend to obtain products with high added value. Ultrasound is a technique that can decrease the extraction time of these biocomponents. Objective: the main objective of this work was to evaluate the conditions of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols with antioxidant activity in dehydrated peel yellow pitahaya. Materials and methods: the kinectis drying was made at 60 °C, in order to decrease deterioration reactions. For the extraction, a solution of 96% ethanol (V / V) was used as disolvent; the ratio Peel-Disolvent was 1:1. The process was performed at 25 °C and 37 kHz frequency. A central composite design was used, in which the effect of power (40 - 80%) and ultrasonication time (11.90 -33.10 minutes) were evaluated. One control point was evaluated with Soxhlet extraction. The extracted amount of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and ABTS methods, respectively. Results: lower time exposures and higher sonication power were associated with increases in polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. In particular, ultrasound-assisted extraction in 60% power and 11 min, obtained 77% more polyphenols than 24-h standard method (Soxhlet). Conclusion: Ultrasound has potential compared to the traditional technique to reduce the processing time in biocomponent extraction, in this case taking advantage of the yellow pitahaya peel that is considered as a residue, polyphenol concentrations of 973.10 mg / L were found that They can be extracted by ultrasound at 222 W nominal power (60%), 35kHz frequency and 22 minutes and with an antioxidant capacity of over 90%.

Resumo Introdução: Muita atenção tem o efeito benéfico dos polifenóis e antioxidantes na obesidade relacionada ao estresse oxidativo. O ultra-som é uma técnica que pode diminuir o tempo de extração desses biocompostos. A extração de polifenóis interessou-se pela relação que tem com a prevenção do estresse oxidativo e efeitos benéficos à saúde na prevenção de doenças não transmissíveis; como são comumente encontradas em algumas frutas, sua extração tornou-se uma tendência para obter produtos com alto valor agregado. O ultrassom é uma técnica que pode diminuir o tempo de extração desses biocomponentes. Objetivo: foi avaliar as condições da extração assistida por ultrassom de polifenóis com atividade antioxidante em pitaia amarela desidratada. Materiais e métodos: as cascas foram desidratadas e construídas cinéticas de secagem a 60 °C, a fim de diminuir as reações de deterioração. Para extração, utilizou-se uma solução de etanol 96% (V/V) como dissolvente, numa proporção escudo-dissolvente 1:1. O processo foi feito a 25°C e uma frequência de 37 kHz. Foi utilizado μM projeto central composto, avaliando-se o efeito da potência (40-80%) e do tempo de sonificação (11,9-33,1 minutos). A extração foi feita com o método soxhlet (controle). A quantidade de polifenóis e capacidade antioxidantes extraídos foi determinada pelos métodos Folin-Ciocalteau e ABTS, respectivamente. Resultados: os tempos baixos e as altas potências de sonicação foram associados com aumento da extração de polifenóis e antioxidantes. Em particular, a extração assistida com ultra-som ao 60% de potência e 11 minutos, 77% a mais de polifenóis foram obtidos a 24 horas do método soxhlet. Conclusão: Ultra-som tem o potencial comparado à técnica tradicional de reduzir o tempo de processamento na extração de biocomponentes, neste caso, aproveitando a casca de pitaiaiás amarela que é considerada μM resíduo, foram encontradas concentrações de polifenóis de 973,10 mg / L que. Eles podem ser extraídos por ultrassom a 222 W de potência nominal (60%), frequência de 35kHz e 22 minutos e com uma capacidade antioxidante acima de 90%..

ABSTRACT Objective To collect the available evidence related to occupational health in the face of the introduction of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. Methods Scoping review developed from the Arksey and O'Malley framework. The search was performed in the databases PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Documents on COVID-19 and its relationship with occupational health published in English, Portuguese and Spanish were included. The review, selection and characterization of the studies was carried out by five reviewers. Results The search and selection identified 43 documents published between December 2019 and April 2020. The topics covered include occupational exposure, protection measures, psychosocial affectations of workers, particularly health, as well as conditions of work organization that can influence contagion. Conclusions Health workers are the most exposed workforce. Accompaniment, coaching and training in relation to patient care and the use of personal protection equipment are essential to reduce contagion among health personnel. In other work activities, social distancing is the standard measure for the mitigation of transmission, as well as the continuous disinfection of workplaces.

RESUMEN Objetivo Recopilar la evidencia disponible relacionada con la salud laboral frente a la introducción de la nueva pandemia por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Métodos Revisión exploratoria desarrollada a partir del marco de Arksey y O'Malley. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron documentos sobre COVID-19 y su relación con la salud ocupacional publicados en inglés, portugués y español. La revisión, selección y caracterización de los estudios fue desarrollada por cinco revisores. Resultados La búsqueda y selección identificó 43 documentos publicados entre diciembre de 2019 y abril de 2020. Las temáticas abordadas incluyen exposición ocupacional, medidas de protección, afectaciones psicosociales de los trabajadores, particularmente de la salud, así como condiciones de la organización del trabajo que pueden influir en el contagio. Conclusiones Los trabajadores de la salud son la fuerza laboral más expuesta. El acompañamiento, entrenamiento y la capacitación en relación con la atención de pacientes y el uso de elementos de protección personal son fundamentales para disminuir el contagio entre personal de salud. En otras actividades laborales el distanciamiento social es la medida estándar para la mitigación de la transmisión, así como la desinfección continua de los lugares de trabajo.

ABSTRACT Objective To collect the available evidence related to occupational health in the face of the introduction of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. Methods Scoping review developed from the Arksey and O'Malley framework. The search was performed in the databases PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Documents on COVID-19 and its relationship with occupational health published in English, Portuguese and Spanish were included. The review, selection and characterization of the studies was carried out by five reviewers. Results The search and selection identified 43 documents published between December 2019 and April 2020. The topics covered include occupational exposure, protection measures, psychosocial affectations of workers, particularly health, as well as conditions of work organization that can influence contagion. Conclusions Health workers are the most exposed workforce. Accompaniment, coaching and training in relation to patient care and the use of personal protection equipment are essential to reduce contagion among health personnel. In other work activities, social distancing is the standard measure for the mitigation of transmission, as well as the continuous disinfection of workplaces.

RESUMEN Objetivo Recopilar la evidencia disponible relacionada con la salud laboral frente a la introducción de la nueva pandemia por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Métodos Revisión exploratoria desarrollada a partir del marco de Arksey y O'Malley. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron documentos sobre COVID-19 y su relación con la salud ocupacional publicados en inglés, portugués y español. La revisión, selección y caracterización de los estudios fue desarrollada por cinco revisores. Resultados La búsqueda y selección identificó 43 documentos publicados entre diciembre de 2019 y abril de 2020. Las temáticas abordadas incluyen exposición ocupacional, medidas de protección, afectaciones psicosociales de los trabajadores, particularmente de la salud, así como condiciones de la organización del trabajo que pueden influir en el contagio. Conclusiones Los trabajadores de la salud son la fuerza laboral más expuesta. El acompañamiento, entrenamiento y la capacitación en relación con la atención de pacientes y el uso de elementos de protección personal son fundamentales para disminuir el contagio entre personal de salud. En otras actividades laborales el distanciamiento social es la medida estándar para la mitigación de la transmisión, así como la desinfección continua de los lugares de trabajo.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a relevância da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) em pacientes com HIV / AIDS. MÉTODOS A revisão sistemática foi realizada utilizando instrumentos de busca de material científico indexado, incluindo MEDLINE (pela PubMed), Web of Science, IBECS e LILACS. Estudos elegíveis incluíram o ano de publicação, critérios para diagnostico de DHGNA e HIV, publicados em inglês, português e espanhol, entre 2006 a 2018. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram estudos com pacientes com outras doenças do fígado. Dois revisores foram envolvidos na pesquisa dos artigos e o PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta - Analyses) foi utilizado nas análises. RESULTADOS Cento e dezesseis artigos foram selecionados, 27 excluídos porque não preencheram critérios de inclusão e assim, 89 foram lidos pelos investigadores. Desses, 13 artigos foram incluídos na revisão. Quatro séries de casos utilizaram métodos por imagens para identificação de DHGNA e nove estudos utilizaram biópsia hepática. A prevalência de DHGNA em pacientes com HIV variou de 30% a 100% e esteato-hepatite não alcoólica (EHNA) entre 20% e 89%. Na avaliação das principais variáveis estudadas, observou-se a associação positiva entre dislipidemia, resistência à insulina e índice de massa corporal. Não houve concordância entre os artigos que avaliaram a relação dos antiretrovirais com a DHGNA. CONCLUSÕES A presente revisão sistemática sugere elevada prevalência de DHGNA em pacientes infectados com HIV. DHGNA nesses pacientes foi associada principalmente a fatores metabólicos. A possível associação entre terapia antiretroviral e DHGNA nesses pacientes vem sendo discutida, mas são necessários mais estudos para estabelecer essa associação.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS The systematic review included articles indexed in MEDLINE (by PubMed), Web of Science, IBECS, and LILACS. Studies eligible included the year of publication, diagnose criteria of NAFLD and HIV, and were published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish from 2006 to 2018. The exclusion criteria were studies with HIV-infection patients and other liver diseases. Two reviewers were involved in the study and applied the same methodology, according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). RESULTS One hundred and sixteen papers were selected, including full articles, editorial letters, and reviews. Twenty-seven articles were excluded because they did meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 89 articles were read, and 13 were considered eligible for this review. Four case series used imaging methods to identify NAFLD, and nine included histology. The prevalence of NAFLD in HIV-patients ranged from 30%-100% and, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), from 20% to 89%. A positive association between dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and body mass index was observed. There was no agreement between the studies that evaluated the relationship between antiretroviral drugs and NAFLD. CONCLUSION This systematic review showed a high prevalence of NAFLD in HIV-patients, which was associated with metabolic risk factors. The possible association between antiretroviral therapy and NAFLD needs further studies.

Abstract The relationship between periodontitis and the pathogenesis of other inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and obesity has been an important topic of study in recent decades. The Th17 pathway plays a significant role in how local inflammation can influence systemic inflammation in the absence of systemic pathology. Objective: To determine Th17 biased-cells in systemically healthy patients in the presence of generalized chronic periodontitis. Methodology: A total of 28 patients were recruited without systemic inflammatory pathology, which was determined by clinical history, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and rheumatoid factor detection. Of these patients, 13 were diagnosed as healthy/gingivitis (H/G) and 15 as generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP). Th17 (CD4+CD161+) cells and Th17IL23R+ (CD4+CD161+IL-23R+) cells were quantified by flow cytometry, based on the total cells and on the lymphocyte region, termed the “enriched population” (50,000 events for each). Results: The percentages of Th17 cells of the H/G and periodontitis groups were similar on total cells and enriched population (19 vs 21.8; p=4.134 and 19.6 vs 21.8; p=0.55). However, Th17IL23R+ cells differ significantly between periodontally healthy patients and generalized chronic periodontitis patients in both total cell (0.22% vs 0.65%; p=0.0004) and enriched populations (0.2% vs 0.75%; p=0.0266). Conclusions: GCP patients (otherwise systemically healthy) were characterized by increased Th17-proinflammatory cell phenotype positive for the IL-23 receptor in peripheral blood. The proportion of Th17 cells that are negative for the IL-23 receptor in the peripheral blood of systemically healthy patients seemed to be unaffected by the presence or absence of chronic periodontitis.

Resumo Introdução A obtenção do resultado esperado durante o clareamento dental exige um diagnóstico correto do tipo de coloração apresentado. As causas da coloração dos dentes diferem dependendo do fator etiológico. Objetivo Avaliar a mudança de cor causada pela imersão dos dentes bovinos na solução de café durante o clareamento dentário caseiro, utilizando gel de peróxido de carbamida a 16%. Material e método Trinta e três dentes bovinos hígidos foram distribuídos em três grupos de onze dentes cada: 1 - Dentes clareados quatro horas por dia durante 21 dias; 2 – Dentes clareados quatro horas por dia durante 21 dias e imerso em solução de café imediatamente após o clareamento dentário; 3 – Dentes clareados quatro horas por dia durante 21 dias e imerso em solução de café quatro horas após o término do clareamento dentário. Imersão em café foi realizada durante 15 minutos e a cor dos dentes foi avaliada antes do início do procedimento do clareamento e após 21 dias com um espectrofotômetro intraoral. O teste Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar a homocedasticidade e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância de um fator (ANOVA) e ao teste de Tukey (p <0,05). Resultado A mudança de cor observada no grupo 1 (5,76 ± 2,74)A não foi estatisticamente diferente do grupo 2 (8,83 ± 5,11)A, imerso em solução de café imediatamente após o clareamento dentário, e do grupo 3, imerso em café quatro horas após o clareamento dental (8,20 ± 3,71). Conclusão O café não interferiu nos resultados do clareamento dental, independentemente do tempo após o procedimento. Portanto, restrições alimentares não são necessárias durante o clareamento dental.

Abstract Introduction Obtaining the result expected during tooth bleaching requires a correct diagnosis of the type of staining presented. The causes of tooth staining differ depending on the etiological factor. Objective To assess the color change caused by the immersion of bovine teeth in coffee solution during at-home tooth bleaching using a 16% carbamide peroxide gel. Material and method Thirty-three sound bovine teeth were assigned to three groups of eleven teeth each: 1 – Teeth bleached (TB) four hours per day for 21 days; 2 – TB four hours per day for 21 days and immersed in coffee solution immediately after tooth bleaching; 3 – TB four hours per day for 21 days and immersed in coffee solution four hours after the end of tooth bleaching. Immersed in coffee was performed for 15 minutes and tooth color was assessed before the start of the bleaching procedure and after 21 days with an intraoral spectrophotometer. Test Shapiro-Wilk was used to assess homoscedasticity and data were submitted to one-factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (p <0.05). Result The color change observed in group 1 (5.76 ± 2.74)A was not statistically different from group 2 (8.83 ±5.11)A, which was immersed in coffee solution immediately after tooth bleaching, and from group 3, which was immersed in coffee solution four hours after tooth bleaching (8.20 ±3.71)A. Conclusion Coffee did not interfere with the tooth bleaching results, regardless of the time after the procedure. Hence, diet restrictions are not necessary during tooth bleaching.

A 51-year-old woman presented with swelling in both hands and a 3-months history of triphasic Raynaud phenomenon. She denied cough and dyspnea. The physical examination was notable for swollen hands, facial telangiectasia and salt and pepper lesions. She had no skin fibrosis. The determination of antinuclear antibodies and antitopoisomerase were positive. A spirometry demonstrated a forced vital capacity of 86% of the predicted. High resolution chest computed tomography revealed bilateral, basal and subpleural ground glass opacities. These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of Scleroderma-Related Interstitial Lung Disease. Moreover, due to the absence of skin fibrosis, a diagnosis of systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma was made. Infusions of endovenous cyclophosphamide were indicated at 4-week intervals, followed by oral azathioprine. This case showed that using PFT as the single screening method for SSc-ILD may cause clinicians to miss a significant number of patients and that the absence of pulmonary symptoms does not exclude lung disease in patients with normal FVC. The poor prognosis of SSc-ILD is an indication of systematic screening for early diagnosis.

Una mujer de 51 años presentó tumefacción en ambas manos y episodios de Raynaud trifásico de tres meses de evolución. La paciente negaba tos y disnea. En el examen físico se evidenció manos tumefactas, telangiectasias faciales y lesiones en sal y pimienta. No presentaba fibrosis de piel. La determinación de anticuerpos antinucleares y antitopoisomerasa fueron positivos. Una espirometría demostró una capacidad vital forzada (CVF) de 86% del predicho. La tomografía computarizada de tórax de alta resolución (TACAR) reveló opacidades en vidrio esmerilado bilaterales, basales y subpleurales. Estos hallazgos fueron compatibles con enfermedad pulmonar intersticial no específica (EPID) secundaria a esclerosis sistémica (ES). Además, debido a la ausencia de fibrosis de piel se diagnosticó esclerodermia sine esclerodermia. Se indicaron infusiones de ciclofosfamida endovenosa en intervalos de 4 semanas, seguido de azatioprina vía oral. Este caso ilustra que el uso de pruebas de funcionalismo pulmonar como método de detección único para la EPID puede hacer que los médicos clínicos no diagnostiquen un número representativo de pacientes, y que además, la ausencia de síntomas respiratorios no descarta la enfermedad pulmonar en pacientes con CVF normal. El pronóstico sombrío de la EPID es una indicación para la búsqueda sistémica y la realización un diagnóstico precoz.

Resumen: El artículo da un análogo armónico (-pesado en el semiplano del teorema de proyección de W. Wirtinger y su extensión (1-r)(-pesada establecida por M. Djrbashian. También es hallada una descomposición ortogonal para algunas clases de funciones subarmónicas en el semiplano.

Abstract: The paper gives a harmonic, (-weighted, half-plane analog of W. Wirtinger's projection theorem and its (1-r)(-weighted extension by M. Djrbashian and also an orthogonal decomposition for some classes of functions subharmonic in the half-plane.

Posttraumatic osteonecrosis of the distal pole of the scaphoid bone is a rare complication; up to this point we could only find 3 reported cases in world literature. We present a rare case of scaphoid distal pole osteonecrosis that after a year presented avascular necrosis of the involved segment, and the performed treatment with scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid arthrodesis with flower plate. After 6 months evolution there is a clear improvement of pain and movement, with complete recovery of range mobility of wrist and thumb. We got very good results regarding pain resolution and improvement in hand function. We could not find any other case reported that has used the same aprproach.

La osteonecrosis postraumática del polo distal del escafoides es una complicación rara, ya que hasta donde hemos podido conocer solo se encuentran recogidos 3 casos en la literatura mundial. Presentamos un paciente con fractura de polo distal de escafoides que evolucionó a osteonecrosis y el tratamiento quirúrgico realizado con artrodesis escafo-trapecio-trapezoide con placa en flor. A los 6 meses de postoperatorio el paciente presenta mejoría del dolor y rango adecuado de movilidad de muñeca y pulgar, realizando pinza sin dificultad y con buen agarre. Obtuvimos por tanto un buen resultado en la mejoría del dolor y en la funcionalidad de la mano. Entre los casos reportados en la literatura no hemos encontrados tratamientos similares al que presentamos.

Introducción. El virus de la hepatitis E se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Se conocen cuatro genotipos en mamíferos, de los cuales el G3 se ha encontrado en hepatitis autóctonas en países y regiones con gran población de cerdos, y el G1 se ha asociado a muertes maternas. Objetivo. Determinar la infección simultánea con el virus de la hepatitis E y sus genotipos circulantes en Colombia en 1.097 sueros utilizando los marcadores serológicos de los virus de las hepatitis A, B y C. Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron 1.097 sueros provenientes de diferentes municipios de Colombia, conservados en el Laboratorio de Virología del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se determinaron los anticuerpos IgG e IgM anti-hepatitis E. A los positivos se les amplificó el genoma viral mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional. Los productos se secuenciaron y analizaron filogenéticamente y se los comparó con las secuencias del ORF2 registradas en el GenBank. Resultados. Se identificaron 278 sueros positivos para IgG anti-hepatitis E, 62 para IgM y 64 para ambos marcadores. La infección simultánea con los virus de la hepatitis E y la hepatitis A determinada por IgG anti-hepatitis E fue de 33,6 % y por IgM anti-hepatitis E fue de 16,1 %; la infección simultánea por los virus de la hepatitis E y B fue de 23,4 % y 8,1 %, y por los virus de la hepatitis E y C fue de 35,4 % y 5,83 %, respectivamente. De las 52 muestras positivas en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional, nueve secuencias se agruparon como genotipo 3a de origen porcino, cepa norteamericana. Conclusiones. La mayor seropositividad se registró para las hepatitis A y E. La frecuencia de la infección simultánea con el virus de la hepatitis E y otros virus hepatótropos indica que este patógeno puede ser más frecuente de lo esperado. La circulación del genotipo 3a implica que esta enfermedad puede presentarse en forma de brote y de zoonosis en Colombia.

Introduction: Hepatitis E virus has emerged as a public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The four genotypes identified in mammals include the G3 found in indigenous hepatitis in countries and regions with high porcine population, and the G1, associated with maternal deaths. Objective: To determine coinfection by hepatitis E virus and the circulating genotypes in Colombia in 1,097 samples using serological markers for hepatitis A, B and C. Materials and methods: Serum samples of 1,097 patients from different regions of Colombia stored at the Laboratorio de Virología of the Instituto Nacional de Salud were selected to detect IgG and IgM anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies. The viral genomes of positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR, and the products were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed by comparing ORF2 sequences deposited in the GenBank. Results: IgG anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies were found in 278 samples, IgM in 62, and both markers in 64. Hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus coinfection determined by IgG anti-hepatitis E virus was 33.6% and 16.1% by IgM; hepatitis E virus and hepatitis B virus coinfection was 23.4% and 8.1%, and hepatitis E virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection was 35.4% and 5.83%, respectively. Among the 52 positive samples by PCR nine were sequenced and grouped within genotype 3A of the American porcine strain. Conclusions: The highest seropositivity was observed for hepatitis A and E. The incidence of hepatitis E virus coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses indicated that this pathogen is more frequent than expected. The circulation of genotype 3A implies that this disease may occur in outbreaks and as zoonosis in Colombia.